Disminuyendo el Dolor, Miedo y Ansiedad por las Agujas en la Población Pediátrica: Estrategias Basadas en Evidencia para el Profesional de Enfermería
Los niños y el miedo a las agujas
La administración de vacunas y la extracción de sangre son procedimientos comúnmente realizados en la población pediátrica que han demostrado tener un impacto emocional negativo a lo largo de toda la vida1. La evidencia revela que hasta un 68% de la población pediátrica ha reportado dolor, ansiedad, miedo o fobia a las agujas2,3,4,5. Esta experiencia es identificada como la principal barrera para la vacunación infantil2,4,5. Reconociendo la importancia de estos procedimientos para la salud física de esta población, es esencial que los profesionales de enfermería manejen eficazmente las respuestas físicas y emocionales asociadas5,6,7,8. Pues se ha probado que existe una asociación directa entre la ejecutoria clínica del profesional de enfermería y las experiencias de dolor y ansiedad en la población pediátrica durante los procedimientos con agujas7.
Estrategias para la disminución del dolor, miedo y ansiedad por las agujas
Estrategias No Farmacológicas
Autora: Elisabet Pérez-Rodríguez, PhDc, RN/ diciembre 2023
Aspectos para Considerar al Momento de Realizar Inserción de Aguja en Población Pediátrica
A continuación, una guía de acciones que puede utilizar el profesional de enfermería previo a la intervención de inserción de agujas en la población pediátrica:
- ★Explicar de manera sencilla en qué consiste el procedimiento utilizando palabras fáciles de entender para que el menor sepa lo que va a pasar antes, durante y después del procedimiento. Es importante no utilizar palabras despectivas como por ejemplo “puya”, en lugar de aguja. No obstante, se debe informar al menor que el procedimiento puede ser molestoso. Además, se puede practicar lo que va a suceder paso a paso en estilo de juego de roles, uso de libros o videos.
- ★Tomar en cuenta que la presencia de un familiar/cuidador es fundamental para el apoyo del menor.
- ★Estudios sugieren que se utilice un espacio privado, específicamente diseñado para pacientes pediátricos, en donde los ruidos y las luces estén disminuidos; un espacio más acogedor, que luzca menos clínico y por tanto les sea amigable.
Autora: Lilliana Hernández-Robles, PhD, MSN, RN /diciembre 2023
Referencias
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